MULTILINGUAL DICTIONARIES:
https://www.linguee.com/english-german
https://magicsearch.org
https://tatoeba.org/en
https://www.wordreference.com
CORPUS
https://www.sketchengine.eu
TRANSLATION TOOLS
https://www.reverso.net/text-translation
https://www.deepl.com/translator?utm_source=lingueecom&utm_medium=linguee&utm_content=header_translator
SPELLING & GRAMMAR
https://languagetool.org
https://www.scribbr.co.uk
TRANSLATION JOBS / PROJECTS
https://www.translatorscafe.com/cafe/EN/SearchJobs.asp
https://www.translatorsbase.com
https://www.proz.com/language-jobs?lp%5B%5D=chi_eng&lp%5B%5D=eng_eng&lp%5B%5D=chi_chi
https://www.classcentral.com/course/translation-in-practice-9775
https://www.fiverr.com/categories/writing-translation?source=category_tree
SUBTITLING: https://subtitle-horse.com
CAT TOOLS: https://www.matecat.com
https://qinghe.me/how-to-make-your-translation-job-cv.html
http://www.tac-online.org.cn/uploadfile/2019/0929/20190929041750755.pdf
Evolution of Interpreters (Code of) Ethics in China’s Mainland after 1949
TAC: http://www.tac-online.org.cn
http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2019-11/09/content_75391341.htm
NEW TRANS SPEC &. STANDARDS
3 PARTS
"Requirements for translator and interpreter training",
"Guidelines on procurement of translation services — Part 2: Interpretation"
"Code of professional ethics for translators and interpreters".
behavioral norms that translators and interpreters should follow when they engage in translation work. These norms can be applied to translators, interpreters and sign language interpreters to ensure that their professional behavior is in line with professional ethics. This code also regulates the professional behavior of Chinese translators and overseas translators practicing in China. This helps guide translators and interpreters as they make professional and ethical decisions in the course of their translation work. It will also help improve the professional ethics of translators and interpreters, ensure that they clearly know their responsibilities, maintain their professional reputation when providing translation services, and create an overall environment in which the translation industry functions harmoniously.
Evolution of Interpreters’ (Code of) Ethics in China’s Mainland after 1949
Graduate School of Translation and Interpreting Beijing Foreign Studies University
Ren Wen, Prof. PhD. https://www.sisubakercentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Click-here-to-download-the-PPT-file_Keynote-2.pdf
Differences:
Make edits, like that of an author
- undertake the responsibilities of a publicist and fulfill the duty of disseminating information about China among foreign friends (Yu, 1951)
- “the grasp of politics is the most important”; can lose “face”, but protect “the face of the people and the country”.(Tang & Chen,1951) DONT REMAIN NEUTRAL IF FOR GOOD OF THE COUNTRY. Except for documents on foreign affairs
- NO FORMAL CODE OF ETHICS. “no handbook about either booth etiquette, collegiality or confidentiality.” (X. Shi’s email dated 12-27, 2016 in response to my web interview)
- The transferability of the source text, acceptability of the target text and understandability of the audience all need to be taken into account when evaluating the quality and effect of interpreting. (Lv, 2007) ADAPT TO TL / CLIENT. Due to globalisation and internationalism eg Olympics becomes more client-centered. (Wang et al, 2013: 60) marketization, commercialization and global competition
- Increasing market competition, less focus on ethics and more on what the client wants for a cheap price as quick as possible.
Similarities:
- have an honest attitude”, must “seize opportunity to improve interpreting skills”, and be well-informed in subject knowledge. (Yu, 1951)
- Professionalization means to achieve autonomy and control of the terms of work.(Wilding,1982)
- interpreting accreditation tests developed in China: SIA in 1995, NAETI in 2001, EIC in 2002, and CATTI in 2003. BE PROFESSIONAL
- PROFESSIONAL ETHICS updated • Observing strict confidentiality, providing satisfactory services and not seeking personal gains. (Nan, 1987)
- No fabrication, no deletion and revision at will, not overshadowing the host, being punctual and well-informed. (Wu, 2001)
- Confidentiality, impartiality, accurate translation, not commenting on any speaker, not accepting tasks beyond one’s capability, demonstrating fine professionalism. (Zhong, 2001)
- Neutrality, confidentiality, punctuality, good advance preparation, observing dress code, objective evaluation of one’s own capability, recognition and proper handling of interpreting difficulty. (Chen, 2003)
- Introduction of code of ethics from other countries and international organizations (Wu, 2001; Zhong, 2001; Liu, LD, 2006; Liu, SY, 2006; Wang & Wang, 2007)
- Sufficient preparation before interpreting, accurate translation, clear expression, respect for customs and professional ethics during interpreting
- Confidentiality
Cross-Cultural Comparison on Codes of Ethics for Interpreters*
FENG Man
Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan; Guangdong University of Economics and Law, Guangzhou, China
Referred to hereafter as FM
FM: a paper written on the code of ethics in China for interpreters after 1949 (the founding of the PRC, Peoples republic of China) (2014)
http://www.davidpublisher.com/Public/uploads/Contribute/551a0a4f98292.pdf
DIFFERENCES:
*professional ethics has not been officially incorporated in either the education or the accreditation of professionals in China, with a code of ethics to be adapted and improved
*Different levels of skill due to increased need, competition and low pay, don’t always rely on someone properly skilled/qualified, instead driven by profit. No real code of ethics taught in schools. No copyright laws.
*Chinese traditional view towards etiquette and law placed the law as subordinate to the etiquette system which is the foundation of ancient China’s society. Under such concept, the construction of laws was ignored for long and the legal consciousness was not well integrated into people’s mind
DICTIONARY
- NOUN. Person place thing
- PRONOUN. That these it
- VERB.
- ADJECTIVE.
- ADVERB.- add ly
- PREPOSITION. - on under across of against throughout
- CONJUNCTION.
- INTERJECTION. Sound
- DETERMINER
- Suffix
- Numeral
- Article
A
abbreviation -shortened version of a longer word eg. dec. etc. photo
acronym - type of abbreviation that shortens a phrase by combining the first letter (or letters) of each word in the phrase to form a new pronounceable word eg. NASA, GIF, UNESCO
Algorithm - algorithm is a procedure used for solving a problem or performing a computation. Algorithms act as an exact list of instructions that conduct specified actions step by step in either hardware- or software-based routines. Eg CAD & matches, cake recipe, long division, laundry process. (Linear seq, loop, conditional)
allusion - an implied or indirect reference. Eg. Being a scrooge. Achilles heel. kryptonite. click my heels and be back home. carrying the weight of the world on your shoulders
Anaphora repetition of words or phrases in a group of sentences, clauses, or poetic lines.
Antonymy - words opposite in meaning eg blunt sharp
anachronistic - a person, thing, or idea that’s out of its time in history, esp one that happened or existed later than the period being shown, discussed, etc.: eg. He uses only e-mail, never anachronistic regular mail. / For some, marriage is an anachronism from the days when women needed to be protected.
anacoluthon - when a sentence abruptly changes from one structure to another. a sentence or construction in which the expected grammatical sequence is absent, eg. while in the garden, the door banged shut.
Anglophone - English speaking
Antithesis: the exact opposite / difference or opposition between two things
for contrasting effect. Eg. you are going; I am staying / Keep your mouth closed and your eyes open / Keep your friends close; keep your enemies closer. day & night / light dark / heave hell/
appellative - relating to or denoting the giving of a name. Nickname tag eg. Dr/doctor (job/education) surname (religion/race)
Archaism - a thing that is very old or old-fashioned. Eg an archaic word or style of language or art./ the use or conscious imitation of very old or old-fashioned styles or features in language or art.
article - a word used to modify a noun, which is a person, place, object, or idea. Eg. A/the/an. /his/her/that etc
arcane - understood by few; mysterious or secret
arbitrary = random choice not reasoned
ascribe - attribute (a text, quotation, or work of art) to a particular person or period (related to/attribute) regard a quality as belonging to.
attenuation - make (something) weaker or less in amount, effect, or force.(lengthen) eg attenuation of inflammation. Omit/soften
attributive_ position of N/V/ADJ before noun used to describe noun, eg a sudden movement dog food, tv remote.
autonomy - ability of the person to make his or her own decisions
axiom-a statement or proposition which is regarded as being established, accepted, or self-evidently true. Ie. precept. truths that are accepted without proof. Same as postulate
B
bilabial consonant is a labial consonant articulated with both lips
binary system - a system consisting of two parts. Eg binary system of state and public schools"
Boolean Operators are simple words (AND, OR, NOT or AND NOT) used as conjunctions to combine or exclude keywords in a search, resulting in more focused and productive results
boosters - words/clauses which are used to accentuate or strengthen a sentence (e.g. really, very much, amazing, great, etc.).
C
cadence- the regular rise and fall of the voice
calques - loanwords. Loan translation word-for-word translation from one language into another. Eg. Blue blood (Spanish) flea market (French) masterpiece (German) pizza tortilla beer garden etc
cataphora the use of a word or phrase that refers to or stands for a later word or phrase (e.g., the pronoun he in he may be 37, but Jeff behaves like a teenager ).
chauvinism -an attitude of superiority toward members of the opposite sex male chauvinism also behavior expressive of such an attitude. /// 2 : undue partiality or attachment to a group or place to which one belongs or has belonged regional chauvinism. = misogynist
circumlocution - the use of many words where fewer would do, especially in a deliberate attempt to be vague or evasive / indirect way of saying something, especially something unpleasant eg. Economical with the truth.
Cognate - A cognate is a word that is related in origin to another word, such as the English word brother and the German word bruder or the English word history and the Spanish word historia.
Convention - the way in which something is usually done. linguistic convention is a principle or norm that has been adopted by a person or linguistic community about how to use, and therefore what the meaning is of, a specific term.
Cohesion - grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning.
Coherence - logical and consistent as a whole (makes sense to reader)
Collocation - collocation refers to a natural combination of words that are closely affiliated with each other. Some examples are "pay attention", "fast food", "make an effort", and "powerful engine".(Make the bed, do hw, give advice) [go, make, have, do, get, go, catch, pay, miss, lost, break, come, save ,keep.]
colloquialism - local culture words/phrases. Relaxed,informal. verbal?
ie. proverbs and aphorisms (“You only live once.”) // profanities (“Damn!” // idiomatic expressions (“You've hit the nail on the head.” “She chickened out.”) // regional terms or phrases (“Bless your heart.”) // nonstandard grammar or syntax (“I ain't done nothing!”)
Connotation: idea or feeling which a word invokes for a person in addition to its literal or primary meaning. "the word ‘discipline’ has unhappy connotations of punishment and repression"
colonialist discourse - ways of writing and speaking about colonised people)
‘common denominator’, - a feature shared by all members of a group.
Corpus - a collection of written texts, especially the entire works of a particular author or a body of writing on a particular subject.
Conceptual research- method of research by observing and analyzing already present information on a given topic. doesn't involve conducting any practical experiments, related to abstract concepts or ideas. Opposite of empirical research
Concordance - CAD; translators to select one or more words in ST segment and the system retrieves segment pairs that match the search criteria. helpful for finding translations of terms and idioms in the absence of a terminology database.
Controlled language -Language; grammar, vocabulary and syntax are restricted in order to reduce ambiguity and complexity and to make the SL easier to understand by native and non-native speakers and easier to translate with machine and human translation.
Covert - not openly acknowledged or displayed.
D
deictics - relating to or denoting a word or expression whose meaning is dependent on the context in which it is used (such as here, you, me, that one there, or next Tuesday ) / use of general words and phrases to refer to a specific time, place, or person in context, e.g., tomorrow, there, and they
demetaphorisation’- To make something implicit explicit.
delineation - to descriibe/portray exactly
Definite article - la el / la le (m/f)
derivatives - a word formed from another word / something that comes from something else a substance that is made from another substance.
derivative rights - legal permission to develop a new work derived from an original work protected under copyright law (modifying or adapting an original piece of work into another piece of work)
de-terminologizing - Determinologisation can be understood both as the process by which terms move from specialised language (LSP) into everyday language. MAKE BASIC SO CAN BE UNDERSTOOD.
Discourse - (N) written or spoken communication or debate (discussion). (V) speak or write authoritatively about a topic - speech or writing, normally longer than sentences, which deals with a certain subject formally.
dialogical- the use of conversation or shared dialogue to explore the meaning of something
didactic - intended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive. Eg movies/books hunger games/1989. lesson plan with a lecture, group discussions and a project.
didactic purposes - intended to teach people something, especially a moral lesson. Eg art in totalitarian societies,
dichotomy - a division or contrast between two things that are or are represented as being opposed or entirely different. (Separation, division, diff)
discursive- digressing from subject to subject (rambling) / relating to discourse or modes of discourse.
doublets - two words used together, eg. this document is null and void
E
egalitarian - relating to or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.
elicitation - process of getting or producing something, especially information or a reaction, ie. educe, extract, draw out. act of drawing out or bringing forth emotions, opinions, facts,
emblematic - serving as a symbol of a particular quality or concept; symbolic. Eg dove = peace
empirical - originating in or based on observation or experience/Empirical research based on observation and measurement of phenomena, as directly experienced by the researcher. The data thus gathered may be compared against a theory or hypothesis, but the results are still based on real life experience. Opposite of Conceptual research
Ensemble cast: more than 1/no protagonist. multiple principal actors and performers who are typically assigned roughly equal amounts of screen time. eg. Friends / GOT.
Enigmatic - mysterious/hard 2 understand completely.
ennobling - to make (someone or something) better or more worthy of admiration (eg war)
Ethnography - qualitative method for collecting data often used in social & behavioral sciences. Data collected through observations & interviews, which are then used to draw conclusions about how societies and individuals function.
eponyms - unit of measure named after a significant scientific figure. eg. Kelvin, Celsius, Coulomb, Hertz and Ohm
epigonic - means an imitation or a copy
Epistemology study of knowledge& presuppositions/foundations of knowledge (how we know what we know’.) theory of knowledge -its methods, validity, and scope. the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion.
epithet - an adjective or phrase expressing a quality or attribute regarded as characteristic of the person or thing mentioned. Can be abusive/negative Eg. Dirty old man. Nicknames. Richard the Lionheart. The bard (shakespeare) the king (elvis)
ergonomic - relating to or designed for efficiency and comfort in the working environment.
etymological - relating to the origin and historical development of words and their meanings. (Origin) eg. Port (carry bring) phob (fear)tele bi tri
ethnographic - relating to the scientific description of peoples and cultures with their customs, habits, and mutual differences.
ethnocentricity - characterized by or based on the attitude that one's own group is superior. Eg immigrants taking jobs.
etymological - word origin, word source, derivation, origin//word history, word lore, historical development eg. tracing a word back to its Latin roots
eugenics - method of improving the human race. arrange reproduction within a human population to increase the occurrence of heritable characteristics regarded as desirable.. abortions, sterilising etc. controlled selective breeding
excerpt - a short extract from a film, broadcast, or piece of music or writing. / take (a short extract) from a text.
expository- exposition; serving to expound, set forth, or explain:
expletive-crude or obscene expression, or an unnecessary word or phrase used to fill space in a sentence for grammar or rhythm purposes. Eg "damn it." Eg "it is time for us to eat."
Explicit - to fully and clearly express something, leaving nothing implied - direct. The law was explicit in whose tax rates were to be raised.
explication = explanation of literary .
‘extrasystemic’ -outside of the system.
F
Foreignisation TT) which deliberately retains something of the foreignness of the original in terms of language or ideas or both.
Formative assessments have low stakes and usually carry no grade, may discourage the students from doing the task or fully engaging with it. SEE summative assessment
G
gist translations (summary translations)
GERUNDS: ing verb
gender agreements - no e/a on end or el/la le/la
glossary - (Latin glōssarium) meaning a collection of difficult words requiring explanation. list of terms at the back of a specialised book explaining or defining difficult or unusual words and expressions used in the text (eg textbook) / company glossaries to establish the meaning of crucial concept
H
Hedging-strategy that tries to limit risks in financial assets. It uses financial instruments or market strategies to offset the risk of any adverse price movements
Hedges - words or clauses used to mitigate the impact of a sentence (e.g. maybe, somehow, I think that)
Hypernym: a word whose meaning includes a group of other words, eg. Red is a hypernym of colour. Dog / pet
A hypernym is a broad term for a group of products. A hyponym is a term for an item in the group that the hypernym describes.
hyponym a word of more specific meaning than a general or superordinate term applicable to it. For example, spoon is a hyponym of cutlery.
heterogeneity - statistics means that your populations, samples or results are different.
quality or state of being diverse in character or content. = varied data
hegemonic - ruling or dominant in a political or social context.
heteronomy - subjection to something else especially : a lack of moral freedom or self-determination. condition of being under the domination of an outside authority, either human or divine. Influenced by force.
homogeneity - the quality or state of being all the same or all of the same kind. (homogenous)
homogeneous group- an aggregate of individuals or other elements that are similar to one another in a number of significant respects eg. same age or have the same socioeconomic background, values, work experience, education, and so on.
‘hybridisation’ - content displays features of more than one text type.
I
Idiomatic - using, expressions that are natural to a native speaker.
idiosyncratic = unique individual peculiar. an individualizing characteristic or quality. EG funny socks / talking to cat
ideational - consisting of or referring to ideas or thoughts of objects not immediately present to the senses. Ideas/concepts/innovation eg. Mental images. Attitudes/goals/ values/practises opposite: uninspired, demotivated
imperatives - verbs used to give orders, commands,warning or instructions, and (if you use "please") to make a request. Eg clean your room. Shut the door. Pass the ….
Implicit - “implied or understood though not plainly or directly expressed. There is a morality implicit in his writings. Eg characters/actions
Infinitives: the last word/phrase of sentence. Must have a to + verb in it. as a verb to + verb eg to jump. he told me to jump. As a noun eg opinion I need/really + verb I need to eat something. as adj. he wants a book to read (if adj verb at end)
initialism: type of abbreviation similar to an acronym use the first letter of each word in the phrase, but instead of combining the letters to form a new word, like with “NASA,” you pronounce each letter individually. eg. DVD, RSVP, ATM, AM, PM
Intralingual - changes within 1 language, eg slang summarise etc
interlingual - changes in multiple languages
Interpellation 1- Interpellation is the idea that we are “bred” to think, act and react in certain ways. ~We are interpellated from the day that we are born into specific roles that society has created for us. Eg gender roles dolls pink.
Interpellation2 - describe the way ideology, through institutions and laws, constructs and stereotypes people as suppressed social subjects. In translation it refers to the subjection of a given people by the discourse/prpective of colonialism which constructs a stereotype of that people as inferior. Translation is a tool, sometimes the tool, in this process. Eg translation law
ineffable - too great or extreme to be expressed or described in words, beyond words.
iterative process / Iteration: repetition of a process in order to generate a sequence of outcomes. Each repetition of the process is a single iteration, and the outcome of each iteration is then the starting point of the next iteration (ie. repeat)
intersemiotic translation -translating images into words
interpolation - an addition to a piece of writing. an entry or passage in a text that was not written by the original author.
Integrated Problem and Decision Reportings (IPDRs) translator commentary as working in front of a researcher.
interindividual - the variations between individuals in one or more traits, behaviors, or characteristics (e.g., variations in intelligence). 2+ compare
Intertextual / intertextuality - the relationship between texts, especially literary ones. all works of literature are a derivation or have been influenced by a previous work of literature. Eg. plotline of Disney's The Lion King is a take on Shakespeare's Hamlet. The Simpsons uses multiple intertextual references to literature, films, other tv shows, and commercials for its storylines and jokes.
intraindividual - being or occurring within the individual intraindividual changes in performance on cognitive tasks / variations between two or more traits, behaviors, or characteristics of a single person. 1 person internal compare
K
Keystroke logging (keylogging/keyboard capturing) - action of recording the keys struck on a keyboard, typically covertly, person using keyboard unaware that their actions are being monitored. Data can then be retrieved by the person operating the logging program.
L
lingua franca- a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different. Eg English
Lexicon- units in a language. / vocabulary or person or language/ dictionary.
Lexis - the total stock of words in a language. the level of language consisting of vocabulary, as opposed to grammar or syntax.The words used in text or spoken data; the words, phrases and idioms of language. Choice of lexis, e.g. jargon (specialist terms), dialect, slang, colloquialisms, swearing, taboo terms, clichés, euphemisms, dysphemisms, archaisms (deliberate use of old- fashioned terms).
LEXICAL: Relating to the words or vocabulary of a language / nature of a lexicon or dictionary.
lingual - speech / language
Levels - phonetics/phonology (sounds), morphology (forms&words), syntax (clauses&sentences), semantics (meanings), pragmatics (language use)
linguistic transcendence - Something that linguistically transcends normal limits or boundaries goes beyond them, because it is more significant than them.
libretto - the text or words of an opera or similar extended musical composition.
LITOTES: form of irony in which a negative is used to affirm a positive, often through double negatives, eg. “You’re not wrong” not the sharpest tool in the shed. Not a bad idea. Not as young as I used to be.
language services providers (LSPs) translation agencies, important part of the localization process. offers translation and linguistic services to other businesses.
laconic- using few words; expressing much in few words; concise:
M
machine translation post-editing (MTPE)
marginalise - treat (a person, group, or concept) as insignificant or peripheral. marginalize those who disagree
metaphorisation- treat something metaphorically. Compares something to somethings.
Metaphor: an expression often found in literature, that describes a person or object by referring to something that is considered to have similar characteristics to that person or object.'
Metalanguage: a language used to describe another language, often called the object language. Expressions in a metalanguage are often distinguished from those in the object language by the use of italics, quotation marks, or writing on a separate line. EG. The words 'verb', 'noun' and 'adjective' are all examples of metalanguage – they are all words that we use to describe other words.
meta-analysis = statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies, can be performed when there are multiple scientific studies addressing the same question, with each individual study reporting measurements that are expected to have some degree of error.
Metallurgical sense - engineering, science and metal working definition of terms.
metalinguistic expression - relation between language and other cultural factors in a society. . ability to shift our attention from the meaning of what is said or written, to how it was said or written.. When language is used to talk about language itself (code), the communication is metalinguistic. A good example would be: "What are you saying? Are you speaking in English or what?".
Meta-analysis: research process used to systematically synthesise or merge the findings of single, independent studies, using statistical methods to calculate an overall or 'absolute' effect. // Meta-analysis does not simply pool data from smaller studies to achieve a larger sample size.
Metonymy: figure of speech in which a concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept eg ride = car. Suit = office worker. crown =kings power. Dish = food. Sword. White House. Hollywood.
micro-linguistic -branch of linguistics that concerns itself with the study of language systems in the abstract, without regard to the meaning or national content of linguistic expressions. In micro-linguistics, language is reduced to the abstract mental elements of syntax and phonology.
misogynist - a person who dislikes, despises, or is strongly prejudiced against women. = chauvinist
mnemonic aids - memory technique that can help increase your ability to recall and retain information. act as memory aids to help you translate pieces of information from short-term memory to long-term memory
monolingual dictionaries - a deeper, encyclopaedic knowledge of the area of specialisation
Modifier - a word or phrase that makes specific the meaning of another word or phrase eg adjective/adverb
Monological- A long speech made by one person, often monopolizing a conversation.
morphology - the study of how words are put together. eg. cats = 2parts: cat, (animal) and -s, which indicates that there's more than one such animal
MORPHEME 词素- 词素a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided (e.g. in, come, -ing, forming incoming ).。 Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language. "I need to go now, but you can stay." Can’t be divided smaller and still have meaning. Eg character root meaning Most words in Chinese consist of one or two morphemes. ... Chinese has four morpheme types: content word, function word, bound root, and affix. English (pre/ ’s / morphs or allomorps eg unluckily / plurals es s/
multimodal texts - texts involving different modes of verbal and non-verbal expression, comprising both sight and sound
N
Nascent - (especially of a process or organization) just coming into existence and beginning to display signs of future potential eg developing, growing, emerging, evolving. 初期的
neologism - a newly coined word or expression / coining or use of new word eg spork smog vlog / A neologism may be a slang word that has yet to find its way into mainstream conversation, or it may be the creation of a non-native speaker who has made for example a grammatical error. The so-called slip of the tongue may also be seen as neologisms.
nefarious - (typically of an action or activity) wicked or criminal.
nomenclatures - a system of names or terms, or the rules for forming these terms in a particular field of arts or sciences. Aka. Tag / title. way of referring to living things by two names, like calling humans Homo sapiens / Conjunctive name
nominalization - the process of making a noun from a verb or adjective eg. Add -ment, -ion, -ance
O
Oxymoron - two words or phrases used together that have, or seem to have, opposite meanings: eg entrepreneurial company man, old news, small crowd, living dead, pretty ugly, only choice, awfully good
occlude - stop, close up, block up, or obstruct (an opening, orifice, or passage). Eg skin pores & makeup,
(OCR) software - Optical character recognition converts noneditable documents, including paper forms, PDF files, and images, into editable and searchable files. It scans the text in the documents, processes it, and then converts it into an editable file format such as Word, Excel, or plain text.
Overt: The language in overt translation may be interspersed with foreign elements from the original, which is ‘shining through’. … the translation’s addressees can ‘eavesdrop’, as it were, i.e. being able to appreciate the original’s function.
P
paradigms - example/pattern/ideas. a set of linguistic items that form mutually exclusive choices in particular syntactic roles a book’ or ‘his book’ but not ‘a his book’" the conjugations of verbs and the declensions of nouns. Sing/pl/m/f /1st/2nd/3rd person/ archaic/ colloquial
parallel corpus- aka translation corpus, contains aligned texts in two or more languages.
parallelism - resemblance / correspondence / repetition of the same grammatical form in two or more parts of a sentence
Eg. No pain, no gain,” “In for a penny, in for a pound,” “Where there is smoke, there is fire,” “It takes one to know one. Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime
paralinguistic - “not WHAT you say, but THE WAY you say it.” Paralanguage, = nonverbal communication - communication by means other than words, operating alongside language. (Tone of voice, speed and breathing, pronunciation, articulation, pauses, and punctuation)
Parameter - a set of facts or a fixed limit that establishes or limits how something can or must happen or be done eg. The researchers must keep within the parameters of the experiment
Patent - licences conferring for a set period, a right to make, use, or sell an invention. use of patent-specific wording, their distinctive structure, and their use of specific stylistic conventions often considered “tech trans”.an exclusive right granted for an invention. In other words, a patent is an exclusive right to a product or a process that generally provides a new way of doing something, or offers a new technical solution to a problem.
pedagogical - approach to teaching, is the theory and practice of learning, and how this process influences, and is influenced by, the social, political and psychological development of learners
Performative verbs - verbs carried out simply by means of uttering them aloud. eg. judge sentences someone the action is completed when say, "I hereby sentence you to five years in prison," / wedding “I do”
perpetuate - make (something, typically an undesirable situation or an unfounded belief) continue indefinitely. // preserve (something valued) from oblivion or extinction.
pejorative - Expressing contempt or disapproval./
periphrasis - a roundabout way of expressing something/ a longer or less straightforward way of saying something, eg, more intelligent vs smarter
phatic function - verbal or non-verbal communication that has a social function, such as to start a conversation, greet someone, or say goodbye, use of language for the sake of interaction, which can be observed in greetings and casual discussions of the weather
phishing attacks - cybersecurity attack during which malicious actors send messages pretending to be a trusted person or entity. Scam
‘Poetics’ NOT poetry, refers to what a society,think is right or ‘sounds’/‘looks’ right in terms of written language. a treatise on poetry or aesthetics. Poetics is the theory of literary forms and literary discourse.
polysemy_- a condition in which a single word, phrase, or concept has more than one meaning or connotation.
polysystem theory- study of relations between literary systems as a whole, norm theory-more specific study of the sociocultural constraints operating at different stages of the translation process.
Positivism -approach to the study of society that relies specifically on scientific based evidence, eg controlled experiments/statistics. a belief that we should not go beyond the boundaries of what can be observed. the belief that knowledge is scientific and objective and that the natural and social worlds are the same with fixed universal standards
postulates -suggest or assume the existence, fact, or truth of (something) as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or belief. truths that are accepted without proof. *Same as axiom
Polarity - relationship between two opposite characteristics or tendencies, polarity of two sides of a debate, superhero and villain in a comic book. positive or negative electric charge.
Poststructuralist - a variation of structuralism, often seen as a critique, emphasizing plurality of meaning and instability of concepts that structuralism uses to define society, language, etc.]
polysemy - coexistence of many possible meanings for a word or phrase. Eg paper, fish, record,sound
paradigmatic - typical example of something.the substitution and selection of words in a sentence to create different combinations or meanings follows a pattern. Eg the cat sat on a mat. His Dog slept under that table
PRAGMATICS: branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used, including such matters as deixis, the taking of turns in conversation, text organization, presupposition, and implicature.
problematise -make into or regard as a problem requiring a solution.
promulgate - promote or make widely known (an idea or cause) aka make public/known //// put (a law or decree) into effect by official proclamation.
preponderance- the quality or fact of being greater in number, quantity, or importance. Eg. Bulk/superiority the preponderance of…..among / at/in /compared to
prosodic feature/suprasegmentalspeech feature eg.stress,pitch, tone, or word juncture that accompanies or is added over consonants and vowels; single sounds/ syllables, words, or phrases. Eg changing tone/voice for kids animals
prolegomena - a critical or discursive introduction to a book. Prog remarks: a formal essay or critical discussion serving to introduce and interpret an extended work. Ie. foreword/intro . essay or critical discussion on the intro of book
provenance - the place of origin or earliest known history of something. / a record of ownership of a work of art or an antique, used as a guide to authenticity or quality.
PROSODY/ PROSODIC: The patterns of rhythm and sound used in poetry/patterns of stress and intonation in a language.
psychometric test activity /assessment 2 evaluate a candidate performance such as, skills, knowledge, abilities, personality traits, attitudes and job/academic potential.
purport - appear to be or do something, especially falsely. // the meaning or sense of something, typically a document or speech (intention/gist)
Q
qualifier - is a word or phrase (such as very) that precedes an adjective or adverb, increasing or decreasing the quality signified by the word it modifies. (very, quite, rather, somewhat, more, most, less, least, too, so, just, enough, indeed, still, almost, fairly, really, pretty, even, a bit, a little, a (whole) lot, a good deal, a great deal, kind of, sort of.)
R
RHETORIC - language designed to have a persuasive or impressive effect, but which is often regarded as lacking in sincerity or meaningful content. art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing Eg hyperbole rally cries, emotional arguments slogans
Register - the way people use different words, spelling or grammar for different situations—talk or write differently—to different people, in different situations. Eg polite formal slang
remetaphorisation’-heightens & emphasises the metaphor ithrough idioms eg from scratch. Couch potato. Spill the beans.
repertoire - a stock of plays, dances, or pieces that a company or a performer knows or is prepared to perform.
rectification - correcting something or making something right
Realia - objects and material from everyday life, especially when used as teaching aids. Eg brochure manual diagram etc
repository - a place, room, or container where something is deposited or stored : depository. Or natural resources / IT. a central location in which data is stored and managed.
repudiate - refuse to accept or be associated with / deny the truth or validity of.
Rhematic: 1. pertaining to the formation of words. 2. pertaining to the rheme of a sentence.
S
SDH - Subtitles for the deaf and hard of hearing
Seminal: describe things such as books, works, events, and experiences that have a great influence in a particular field. - related to
Semanticists - studiers of the meanings of words - semantics
PERSON + VERB + (NOUN) + TIME+ PLACE Chinese. Subject (S) + Verb (V) + Object (O) PERSON TIME PLACE VERB (+NOUN)
semiotic - relating to signs and symbols. "the gestures, images, and objects notated in his scripts share a semiotic importance equal to the spoken text"
semiotic transcendence, where all the senses other than language are brought to bear on a treble experience . attempts to go beyond the limitations of not knowing the language of a culture we visit by drawing upon our other senses to understand and interpret our environment.
socio-constructive human development is socially situated and knowledge is constructed through interaction with others.
sociolect - dialect of a particular social class/age/group dialect = region
sociolinguistics- the study of how language is used by different groups in society
Social stratification - a society's categorization of its people into groups based on socioeconomic factors like wealth, income, race, education, ethnicity, gender, occupation, social status, or derived power. eg. slavery, a caste system, class system.
spatial - relating to the position, area, and size of things: eg. Spatial awareness
static view - describes the structure of business objects that are sent as message arguments from the sender to the receiver of the message. Structural (or Static) view: emphasizes the static structure of the system using objects, attributes, operations and relationships eg charts timelines.
Statistical machine translation (SMT) probability-based approach to translation through computational analysis of data, treating data as character strings, determining patterns, and leveraging regularities.
stratification - the arrangement or classification of something into different groups. Eg. wealth is the main symbol of social stratification.
Spatial dimension - the location and presentation of subtitles on the screen.
spatiotemporal - relating to both space and time, or to space-time. eg. spatio-temporal patterns in weather data.
subjectification - procedures by which the subject is led to observe herself, analyze herself, interpret herself, and recognize herself as a domain of possible knowledge:
summative assessment is to evaluate student learning at the end of an instructional unit by comparing it against some standard or benchmark. EG. Exam
Super memes: metatheoretical, theoretical and practical aims of translation, 1.conceptual framework that links varied and distinct views of translation.
2. Popperian theory of translation – “tentative theory, error elimination and the evolution of objective knowledge” (x) – in combination with norm theory and (partially) action theory. The guiding “building-blocks are the concepts of norm, strategy and value”
3. translation theory is useful and applicable to translation practice
surtitles, /surtitling :translated or transcribed lyrics/dialogue projected above a stage or displayed on a screen, commonly used in opera, theatre or other musical performances
suprasegmental/prosodic feature, speech feature eg.stress,pitch, tone, or word juncture that accompanies or is added over consonants and vowels; single sounds/ syllables, words, or phrases. Eg changing tone/voice for kids animalss
subordinate clause - ‘when, if, etc.
subversive -seeking or intended to subvert an established system or institution. Go against
superordinate -A more general term, one which includes another, for example, “child” is a superordinate term for “girl,” and “bird” is a superordinate of “robin.”
synonymy - word with the same or nearly the same meaning as another word. use of a synonym instead. a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same eg. begin, start, commence, and initiate are all synonyms of one another: they are synonymous.
Synecdoche: type of metonymy; it is a figure of speech in which a term for a part of something is used to refer to the whole, or vice versa. eg. suits for businessmen, wheels for automobile, and boots for soldiers. Hands = sailors.
Syntax - word order. arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language..English: subject + verb + direct object formula.
T
tautology - a phrase or expression in which the same thing is said twice in different words (repetition, redundancy, verbiage) eg. 3 am in the morning
TAXONOMY 分类 - classifying/grouping. is the process of naming and classifying things such as animals and plants into groups within a larger system, according to their similarities and differences./process or system of describing the way in which different living things are related by putting them in groups
TCR- ‘time code reader. to produce properly synchronised subtitles( r
terminology mining- extracting the key terminology from the text automatic tools/by hand
territorial rights - exclusive rights apply only in the country or region in which a patent has been filed and granted, in accordance with the law of that country or region.
Terminology: the body of terms used with a particular technical application in a subject of study, profession, etc."the terminology of semiotics" words/ expressions etc.
TEXUAL: Relating to a text or texts.
Theme and Rheme: Theme is the starting point of a clause (what its about) about. rheme= remainder of the clause is the rheme. sender of a message maps onto the text in relation to what he or she believes the receiver needs to know The combination of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs,
Thematic: relating to/consisting of a theme
translatological / Translatology: The study of the theory and practice of translating and interpreting, especially in an academic context, combining elements of social science and the humanities
‘translatese1’ refers to a translation process that erases the identity of those peoples and cultures that are less powerful, thereby standardising dominant, and frequently Western, discourses and ideologies.
translatese2 (uncountable) (translation studies) Awkwardness or ungrammaticality of translation,EG. due to overly literal translation of idioms or syntax.
transcendence - existence or experience beyond the normal or physical level.
transpose - transfer to a different place or context.
translation process research (TPR) concerned with the psychological processes involved in translating. translator (and interpreter) behaviour, and views translation as a complex activity requiring a set of specific skills that translators apply during the translation process in order to make decisions and solve problem
truncate - the act of making something shorter or quicker, especially by removing the end of it: eg. "novel" is a truncation of the Italian word "novella". Promot
triplets - three words used together, as in ‘this certified copy is full, true and correct
Trope1 - different forms of a figurative /metaphorical use of a word or expression eg. Figure of speech. Metaphor. Hyperbole. Irony. Oxymoron
Trope2 - storytelling convention, device, or motif; specific tropes might be a characteristic of a particular genre of storytelling. Eg. Save the world, ugly duckling, average Joe. Love triangle.
V
Veneer - To conceal, as something common or crude, with a deceptively attractive outward show.
verbatim - in exactly the same words as were used originally., word 4 word. copied, quoted, or translated in exactly the same words as were used originally. Eg. Take, quoted, written verbatim. I don't think I will read the whole thing verbatim to you.
vocatives - the form of a noun, pronoun, or adjective that is used in some languages when you are talking to someone or something: eg: Boss, doc, gaffer, guv, guvnor, padre, prof, boy (animal)
W
White papers - like research papers, but info in sections rather than as an essay, eg. Gov businesses. often used for business / product marketing, promote the products or services from a specific company. As a marketing tool, these papers use selected facts and logical arguments to build a case favorable to the company sponsoring the document.
BILLINGUAL DICTIONARIES
headword,
the phonetic transcription,
translations [gender]
Different meanings and contexts in parentheses, register and figurative meanings. Phrasal verbs are also listed in a subsection.
paper economical in space use (swung dashes replace headwords),
the online clearer,
spacious
includes audio files & hyperlinks to other entries.
